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Rēreti e whakaatu ana i nga tuhinga e toru mo ia kiriata.Whakamahia te patene o muri me te taha o muri hei nuku i roto i nga kiriata, ko nga paatene mana kiriata kei te pito ki te neke ma ia kiriata.
No na tata nei i whakaatuhia ko te whakamahinga o te ultrasound ka taea te whakapai ake i te tuku kiko i roto i te koiora whakahiato ngira pai (USeFNAB) kua whakaritea ki te koiora awhi ngira pai (FNAB).Ko te hononga i waenga i te ahuahanga bevel me te mahi i te pito ngira kaore ano kia tirotirohia.I roto i tenei rangahau, i tirotirohia e matou nga ahuatanga o te resonance ngira me te kaha tiwerawera mo nga momo ahuahanga ngira bevel he rereke te roa.Ma te whakamahi i te toho tikanga me te tapahi 3.9 mm, ko te tauwehe hiko o te pito (DPR) he 220 me te 105 µm/W i te hau me te wai.He teitei ake tenei i te axissymmetric 4mm bevel matamata, i tutuki i te DPR o 180 me 80 µm/W i roto i te hau me te wai, ia.Ko tenei rangahau e whakaatu ana i te hiranga o te hononga i waenga i te pakari piko o te ahuahanga bevel i roto i te horopaki o nga momo awhina whakauru, na reira ka taea e koe te mohio ki nga tikanga mo te whakahaere i te mahi tapahi i muri i te werohanga ma te whakarereke i te ahuahanga piko o te ngira, he mea nui mo USeFNAB.Nga take tono.
Ko te biopsy aspiration ngira pai (FNAB) he tikanga e whakamahia ai te ngira ki te tiki tauira o te kiko ka whakapaehia he mate kino1,2,3.Ko nga tohutohu momo Franseen kua whakaatuhia ki te whakarato i nga mahi tātaritanga teitei ake i nga tohutohu tuku iho a Lancet4 me Menghini5.Ko nga bevels Axisymmetric (arā, te porowhita) kua whakaarotia hei whakanui ake i te ahua o te tauira tika mo te histopathology6.
I te wa o te koiora, ka tukuna he ngira ki roto i nga papa o te kiri me te kiko hei whakaatu i nga mate ohorere.Kua whakaatuhia e nga rangahau tata nei ka taea e te whakahohe ultrasonic te whakaiti i te kaha o te wero e hiahiatia ana kia uru atu ki nga kopa ngohengohe7,8,9,10.Kua kitea te ahuahanga o te piko o te ngira e pa ana ki nga kaha tauwhitinga o te ngira, hei tauira, kua kitea he iti ake te kaha o te urunga o te kiko o te ngira 11 .E ai ki te whakaaro, i muri i te kuhu o te ngira ki te mata o te kiko, ara i muri i te werohanga, ka 75% pea te kaha o te tapahi o te ngira o te katoa o te kaha taunekeneke ngira-kopa12.Kua whakaatuhia te ultrasound (US) ki te whakapai ake i te kounga o te koiora ngongo ngohe tātaritanga i roto i te wahanga i muri i te werohanga13.Ko etahi atu tikanga hei whakapai ake i te kounga biopsy wheua kua hangaia mo te tauira kiko uaua14,15 engari karekau he hua i puta hei whakapai ake i te kounga koiora.He maha nga rangahau kua kitea ano ka piki te nekehanga miihini me te piki haere o ngaohiko puku ultrasound16,17,18.Ahakoa he maha nga rangahau mo te axial (roa) toi pateko i roto i nga taunekeneke ngira-kopa19,20, he iti nga rangahau mo te hihiri o te tinana me te ahuahanga bevel o te ngira i roto i te ultrasonic whakarei FNAB (USeFNAB).
Ko te whäinga o tënei rangahau he tirotiro i te ähuatanga o ngä momo hangahanga bevel ki runga i te mahi o te pito o te ngira na te hurihanga o te ngira i nga iarere ultrasonic.Ina koa, i whakatewhatewhahia e matou te paanga o te waahi werohanga ki te paheketanga o te pito o te ngira i muri i te werohanga mo nga bevels ngira tikanga (hei tauira, lancets), te hangahanga hangarite me te hangahanga hangahanga kotahi (Fig. hei whakahaere i te whanaketanga o nga ngira USeFNAB mo nga momo kaupapa penei i te momi whiriwhiri. uru, karihi kiko ngohengohe ranei.
He maha nga momo ahuahanga bevel i whakauruhia ki tenei rangahau.(a) Ko nga Lancets e rite ana ki te ISO 7864:201636 ko \(\alpha\) te koki bevel tuatahi, ko te \(\theta\) te koki hurihanga bevel tuarua, a ko te \(\phi\) te Koki hurihanga bevel tuarua kei roto. nga nekehanga , i roto i nga tohu (\(^\circ\)).(b) raina hangarite hikoi hikoi kotahi (e kiia ana ko te "paerewa" i roto i te DIN 13097:201937) me (c) raina hikoi hangarite (porowhita) hikoi hikoi kotahi.
Ko ta matou huarahi ko te whakatauira tuatahi i te huringa o te roangaru piko i te taha o te titahatanga mo nga ahuahanga o te rei, tuaka hangarite, me te hangahanga hangahanga kauhanga kotahi.Katahi ka tatauhia e matou he rangahau tawhā ki te tirotiro i te paanga o te koki bevel me te roa o te ngongo ki runga i te nekeneke waka.Ka mahia tenei hei whakatau i te roa tino pai mo te hanga ngira tauira.I runga i te whaihanga, i hangaia nga tauira o te ngira me o ratou whanonga oro i roto i te hau, te wai, me te 10% (w/v) gelatin ballistic i whakamatauria ma te ine i te whakarea whakaata ngaohiko me te tatau i te pai o te whakawhiti hiko, no reira te auau mahi. whakaritea..Ka mutu, ka whakamahia te atahanga tere-tere ki te ine tika i te paheketanga o te ngaru piko i te pito o te ngira i roto i te hau me te wai, me te whakatau tata i te mana hiko e tukuna ana e ia honga me te ahua o te tauwehe hiko (DPR) o te mea i werohia. waenga.
Ka rite ki te whakaatu i te Whakaahua 2a, whakamahia te paipa Nama 21 (0.80 mm OD, 0.49 mm ID, 0.155 mm te matotoru o te pakitara paipa, te pakitara paerewa kua tohua i roto i te ISO 9626: 201621) i hangaia mai i te 316 kowiri tira ( Young's modulus 205).\(\text {GN/m}^{2}\), kiato 8070 kg/m\(^{3}\), Poisson's ratio 0.275).
Te whakatau i te roangaru piko me te hangai o te tauira huānga mutunga (FEM) o te ngira me nga tikanga rohe.(a) Te whakatau i te roa bevel (BL) me te roa paipa (TL).(b) Tauira huānga mutunga-toru (3D) (FEM) e whakamahi ana i te kaha o te ira haurite \(\tilde{F}_y\vec{j}\) hei whakaohooho i te ngira i te pito tata, hei whakaparori i te ira, me te ine i te tere. mo ia matamata (\( \tilde{u}_y\vec {j}\), \(\tilde{v}_y\vec {j}\)) hei tatau i te nekeneke waka.Ko te \(\lambda _y\) ko te roangaru piko e hono ana ki te kaha poutū \(\tilde{F}_y\vec {j}\).(c) Whakatauhia te pokapū o te kaha, te horahanga whiti A, me nga momeniti o te inertia \(I_{xx}\) me te \(I_{yy}\) huri noa i te tuaka-x me te tuaka-y.
Ka rite ki te whakaatu i te piki.2b,c, mo te kurupae mutunga kore (kore mutunga) me te horahanga whitinga A me te roangaru nui e whakaritea ana ki te rahi o te wahanga whiti o te kurupae, te tere o te wahanga piko (te piko ranei) \(c_{EI}\ ) kua tautuhia hei 22:
ko E ko te kōwae a Young (\(\text {N/m}^{2}\)), \(\omega _0 = 2\pi f_0\) ko te auau angular angular (rad/s), kei reira \( f_0 \ ) ko te auau ahorangi (1/s, Hz ranei), ko au te momeniti o te horahanga huri noa i te tuaka o te paanga \((\text {m}^{4})\) me te \(m'=\ Ko te rho _0 A \) te papatipu i runga i te roa o te waeine (kg/m), ko \(\rho _0\) te kiato \((\text {kg/m}^{3})\) me A ko te ripeka -wahanga waahanga o te kurupae (paparangi xy) (\ (\text {m}^{2}\)).I te mea kei roto i a maatau he whakarara te topa ki te tuaka-y poutū, ara, \(\tilde{F}_y\vec {j}\), ka aro noa matou ki te momeniti o te horahanga huri noa i te x- tuaka, arā, \(I_{xx} \), No reira:
Mo te tauira huānga mutunga (FEM), ka mauhia he nukutanga orite parakore (m), no reira ko te whakaterenga (\(\text {m/s}^{2}\)) ka whakaaturia hei \(\waahanga ^2 \vec { u}/ \ wāhanga t^2 = -\omega ^2\vec {u}\), hei tauira \(\vec {u}(x, y, z, t) := u_x\vec {i} + u_y \vec {j }+ u_z\vec {k}\) he vector nekehanga-toru kua tautuhia i roto i nga taunga mokowā.Ko te whakakapi i te mea whakamutunga ki te ahua Lagrangian tino rerekee o te ture toenga torohaki23, e ai ki tana whakatinanatanga i roto i te kete rorohiko COMSOL Multiphysics (putanga 5.4-5.5, COMSOL Inc., Massachusetts, USA), ka homai:
Kei hea \(\vec {\nabla}:= \frac{\ partial}}{\ partial x}\vec {i} + \frac{\ partial}}{\ partial y}\vec {j} + \frac{ Ko te \ partial }{\ partial z}\vec {k}\) te kaiwhakahaere rereke, a ko \({\underline{\sigma}}\) te tuarua Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor (raupapa tuarua, \(\ text { N /m}^{2}\)), me \(\vec {F_V}:= F_{V_x}\vec {i}+ F_{V_y}\vec {j}+ F_{V_z}\vec { k} \) ko te vector o te toi tinana (\(\text {N/m}^{3}\)) o ia rōrahi whakaheke, ā, ko \(e^{j\phi }\) te wāhanga o te te kaha o te tinana, he koki wahanga \(\ phi\) (rad).I roto i a maatau, he kore te kaha o te rōrahi o te tinana, a ko ta maatau tauira e kii ana i te raarangi ahuahanga me nga huringa rapa iti, ara, \({\ underline{\varepsilon}}^{el} = {\underline{\varepsilon}}\ ), kei hea te \({\ underline {\varepsilon}}^{el}\) me \({\underline{ \varepsilon}}\) – te whakahekenga elastic and total deformation (ahu kore o te raupapa tuarua), ia.Ka whiwhihia te tauhohe elasticity isotropic o Hooke \(\underline {\underline {C))\) ma te whakamahi i te Young's modulus E(\(\text{N/m}^{2}\)) me te tauwehenga a Poisson v kua tautuhia, kia \ (\underline{\underline{C}}:=\underline{\underline{C}}(E,v)\) (raupapa tuawha).Na ka huri te tatauranga ahotea hei \({\underline{\sigma}} := \underline{\underline{C}}:{\underline{\varepsilon}}\).
I mahia nga tatauranga me nga huānga tetrahedral 10-node me te rahi huānga \(\le\) 8 µm.Ka whakatauirahia te ngira ki te korehau, a, ko te uara whakawhiti nekehanga miihini (ms-1 H-1) kua tautuhia hei \(|\tilde{Y}_{v_yF_y}|= |\tilde{v}_y\vec { j} |/|\ tilde{F}_y\vec {j}|\)24, ko \(\tilde{v}_y\vec {j}\) te tere matatini whakaputa o te ringaringa, me te \( \tilde{ Ko te F} _y\vec {j }\) he kaha taraiwa matatini kei te pito tata o te ngongo, penei i te Whakaahua 2b.Ko te nekeneke miihini whakawhiti ka whakaatuhia ki te decibels (dB) ma te whakamahi i te uara teitei hei tohutoro, ara \(20\log _{10} (|\tilde{Y}|/ |\tilde{Y}_{max}| )\ ), I whakahaerehia nga rangahau FEM katoa i te auau o 29.75 kHz.
Ko te hoahoa o te ngira (Fig. 3) kei roto i te 21 gauge hypodermic ngira tikanga (nama putumōhio: 4665643, Sterican\(^\circledR\), me te diameter o waho o te 0.8 mm, te roa o te 120 mm, he mea hanga ki te AISI chromium-nickel kowiri tira 304., B. Braun Melsungen AG, Melsungen, Germany) i whakanohoia he ringaringa kirihou Luer Lock i hangaia ki te polypropylene proximal me te whakarereketanga o te pito.Ko te ngira ngira ka hoohia ki te arataki ngaru penei i te Whakaahua 3b.I taia te arataki ngaru i runga i te miihini 3D kowiri tira (EOS Stainless Steel 316L i runga i te miihini EOS M 290 3D, 3D Formtech Oy, Jyväskylä, Finland) ka piri ki te pūoko Langevin ma te whakamahi i nga pou M4.E 8 nga huānga mowhiti piezoelectric me nga taumahatanga e rua ki ia pito.
Ko nga momo tohutohu e wha (kei te whakaahua), he toka (L) e waatea ana ki te hokohoko, me nga bevels axisymmetric kotahi-waahanga (AX1–3) i hangaia e te roa o te bevel (BL) o te 4, 1.2, me te 0.5 mm.(a) Kati te pito o te ngira kua oti.(b) Tirohanga runga o nga titi e wha kua hokona ki tetahi arataki ngaru kua taia, ka hono atu ki te pukoro Langevin me nga raka M4.
E toru nga tohutohu bevel axisymmetric (Fig. 3) (TAs Machine Tools Oy) i hangaia me te roa o te bevel (BL, i whakatauhia i te Fig. 2a) o 4.0, 1.2 me 0.5 mm, e rite ana ki te \(\approx\) 2\ (^\ porowhita\), 7\(^\circ\) me 18\(^\circ\).He 3.4 ± 0.017 g (te tikanga ± SD, n = 4) te arataki ngaru me te stylus mo te bevel L me te AX1–3 (Quintix\(^\circledR\) 224 Design 2, Sartorius AG, Göttingen, Germany) .Ko te roa katoa mai i te pito o te ngira ki te pito o te ringaringa kirihou he 13.7, 13.3, 13.3, 13.3 cm mo te bevel L me te AX1-3 i te Whakaahua 3b, ia.
Mo nga whirihoranga ngira katoa, ko te roa mai i te pito o te ngira ki te pito o te arataki ngaru (ara, te waahi whakapiringa) he 4.3 cm, ka anga te ngira ngira kia anga whakarunga te piko (ara, whakarara ki te tuaka Y. ).), pera i roto i (Fig. 2).
He tuhinga ritenga i MATLAB (R2019a, The MathWorks Inc., Massachusetts, USA) e rere ana i runga i te rorohiko (Latitude 7490, Dell Inc., Texas, USA) i whakamahia hei whakaputa i te sweep sinusoidal raina mai i te 25 ki te 35 kHz i roto i te 7 hēkona, ka hurihia ki te tohu tairitenga e te kaitahuri mamati-ki-analog (DA) (Analog Discovery 2, Digilent Inc., Washington, USA).Ko te tohu tairitenga \(V_0\) (0.5 Vp-p) ka whakakahahia ki te whakakaha irirangi auau (RF) (Mariachi Oy, Turku, Finland).Ko te ngaohiko whakakaha heke \({V_I}\) he putanga mai i te whakakaha RF me te 50 \(\Omega\) ki te hurihanga i hangaia ki te anga ngira me te 50 \(\Omega)\) Langevin transducer (mua me muri multilayer piezoelectric transducers, utaina ki te papatipu) e whakamahia ana ki te whakaputa ngaru miihini.Ko te whakakaha RF ritenga kua rite ki te mita tauwehe ngaru tu-rua (SWR) mita e taea ai te kite i nga aitua \({V_I}\) me te whakaata i te ngaohiko whakakaha \(V_R\) na roto i te 300 kHz analog-to-digital (AD ) kaitahuri (Analog Discovery 2).Ko te tohu whakaihiihi ka whakarereketia i te timatanga me te mutunga ki te aukati i te taumahatanga o te whakaurunga whakahiato me nga whakawhiti.
Ma te whakamahi i tetahi tuhinga ritenga i whakatinanahia i roto i te MATLAB, ko te mahi whakautu auau (AFC), ara, ka mau i te punaha tuuturu.Me tono ano he tātari paahi 20 ki te 40 kHz hei tango i nga iarere kore i te tohu.E korero ana mo te ariā raina tuku, \(\tilde{H}(f)\) i tenei keehi he rite ki te whakarea whakaata ngaohiko, aera \(\rho _{V} \equiv {V_R}/{V_I} \)26 .I te mea ko te impedance putanga o te amplifier \(Z_0\) e hāngai ana ki te impedance tāuru o te hanga-i roto i te transformer o te kaitahuri, me te whakarea whakaata hiko hiko \({P_R}/{P_I}\) kua heke ki \( {V_R }^ 2/{V_I}^2\ ) he rite ki te \ (|\rho _{V}|^2\).Mēnā e hiahiatia ana te uara pūmau o te hiko hiko, tātaihia te maiki \(P_I\) me te whakaata\(P_R\) mana (W) mā te tango i te uara tapawha (rms) o te ngaohiko e rite ana, hei tauira, mo te raina tuku me te hihiko sinusoidal, \(P = {V}^2/(2Z_0)\)26, ko \(Z_0\) te rite ki te 50 \(\Omega\).Ko te mana hiko i tukuna ki te uta \(P_T\) (arā, ko te reo whakauru) ka taea te tatau hei \(|P_I – P_R |\) (W RMS) me te kaha whakawhiti hiko (PTE) ka taea te tautuhi me te whakaatu hei a ōrau (%) ka hoatu he 27:
Ka whakamahia te whakautu auau ki te whakatau tata i nga iarere aratau \(f_{1-3}\) (kHz) o te hoahoa stylus me te pai o te whakawhiti hiko, \(\text {PTE}_{1{-}3} \ ).FWHM (\(\text {FWHM}_{1{-}3}\), Hz) he mea whakatau tika mai i \(\text {PTE}_{1{-}3}\), mai i te Ripanga 1 iarere \(f_{1-3}\) whakaahuatia i roto i.
He tikanga mo te ine i te whakautu auau (AFC) o te hanganga acicular.Ka whakamahia te inenga swept-sine rua-rua25,38 ki te whiwhi i te taumahi whakautu auau \(\tilde{H}(f)\) me tana whakautu hihiko H(t).Ko te \({\mathcal {F}}\) me te \({\mathcal {F}}^{-1}\) e tohu ana i te huringa a Fourier kua tapatapahia, me te mahi whakahuri kōaro.\(\tilde{G}(f)\) te tikanga ka whakareatia nga tohu e rua ki te rohe auau, hei tauira, \(\tilde{G}_{XrX}\) te tikanga matawai kōaro\(\tilde{X} r( f )\) me te tohu whakaheke ngaohiko \(\tilde{X}(f)\).
Ka rite ki te whakaatu i te piki.5, he kamera tere-tere (Phantom V1612, Vision Research Inc., New Jersey, USA) kua mau ki te arotahi tonotono (MP-E 65mm, \(f)/2.8, 1-5 \ (\times\), Canon Inc ., Tokyo, Japan) i whakamahia ki te tuhi i te paheketanga o te pito o te ngira i raro i te whakakorikoritanga (te auau kotahi, te sinusoid tonu) i te auau o te 27.5-30 kHz.Hei waihanga mapi atarangi, he huānga whakamatao o te LED ma te kaha teitei (waahanga waahanga: 4052899910881, White Led, 3000 K, 4150 lm, Osram Opto Semiconductors GmbH, Regensburg, Germany) i tuu ki muri i te bevel o te ngira.
Te tirohanga o mua o te tatūnga whakamātautau.Ka inehia te hohonutanga mai i te mata papaho.Ko te anga o te ngira ka mau ki runga i te teepu whakawhiti motuka.Whakamahia he kamera tere nui me te arotahi whakarahi teitei (5\(\times\)) hei ine i te paheketanga o te pito piko.Ko nga rahi katoa kei roto i nga mitamano.
Mo ia momo bevel ngira, i tuhia e matou e 300 nga papa kamera tere-tere o te 128 \(\x\) 128 pika, ia me te taumira mokowā o te 1/180 mm (\(\approx) 5 µm), me te taumira rangitahi o 310,000 papa mo ia hekona.E whakaatu ana i te Whakaahua 6, ka tapahia ia anga (1) (2) kia noho te pito ki te rarangi whakamutunga (raro) o te anga, katahi ka tatauhia te histogram o te ahua (3), no reira ka eke a Canny ki te 1 me 2 ka taea te whakatau.Na ka tono Canny28(4) rapunga taha ma te whakamahi i te Sobel operator 3 \(\times\) 3 ka tatau i te turanga pika o te hypotenuse kore-cavitational (kua tapaina \(\mathbf {\times }\)) mo nga hikoinga 300-fold katoa .Hei whakatau i te roanga o te paheketanga i te mutunga, ka tatauhia te pärönaki (ma te whakamahi i te rerekeetanga o te pokapū algorithm) (6) ka tautuhia te anga kei roto te pito o te rohe (arä te tihi) o te whakahuri (7).Whai muri i te tirohanga kanohi i te tapa kore-cavitating, ka tohua he papa takirua (e rua ranei nga papa i wehea e te haurua o te wa) (7) ka inehia te paheketanga o te pito (kua tapaina \(\mathbf {\times} \ ) I whakatinanahia i runga ake nei. i roto i te Python (v3.8, Python Software Foundation, python.org) ma te whakamahi i te OpenCV Canny edge detection algorithm (v4.5.1, tuwhera puna pukapuka tirohanga rorohiko, opencv.org mana hiko \ (P_T \) (W, rms) .
I inehia te paheketanga o te matamata ma te whakamahi i nga raupapa papa i tangohia mai i te kamera tere-tere i te 310 kHz ma te whakamahi i te 7-step algorithm (1-7) tae atu ki te hangahanga (1-2), Canny edge detection (3-4), pika tauwāhi tapa. te tātaitanga (5) me o raatau wa (6), ka mutu ka inehia te paheketanga o te pito o te tihi-ki-te-matau i runga i nga papa takirua kua tirotirohia (7).
I tangohia nga inenga i te hau (22.4-22.9°C), te wai kua whakakorehia (20.8-21.5°C) me te gelatin ballistic 10% (w/v) (19.7-23.0°C, \(\text {Honeywell}^{ \text { TM}}\) \(\text {Fluka}^{\text {TM}}\) Bovine and Pork Bone Gelatin for Type I Ballistic Analysis, Honeywell International, North Carolina, USA).I inehia te pāmahana ki te whakakaha thermocouple momo K (AD595, Analog Devices Inc., MA, USA) me te thermocouple K-momo (Fluke 80PK-1 Bead Probe No. 3648 momo-K, Fluke Corporation, Washington, USA).Mai i te reo I inehia te Hohonu mai i te mata (i whakaritea hei takenga mai o te tuaka-z) ma te whakamahi i te atamira tuaka-z motika (8MT50-100BS1-XYZ, Standa Ltd., Vilnius, Lithuania) me te taumira o te 5 µm.ia taahiraa.
I te mea he iti te rahi o te tauira (n = 5) me te kore e taea te whakaaro noa, ka whakamahia he whakamatautau rua-tailed Wilcoxon rank sum test (R, v4.0.3, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, r-project .org) hei whakatairite i te nui o te rerekee o te matamata ngira mo nga bevel rereke.E 3 nga whakataurite mo ia pikinga, na reira i whakamahia he whakatikatika Bonferroni me te taumata hiranga o te 0.017 me te reeti hapa o te 5%.
Ka huri tatou inaianei ki te Fig.7.I te auau o te 29.75 kHz, ko te haurua ngaru piko (\(\lambda_y/2\)) o te ngira 21 ine he \(\tata) 8 mm.Ka whakatata atu tetahi ki te pito, ka heke te roangaru piko ki te koki koki.Kei te pito \(\lambda _y/2\) \(\tata\) he kaupae 3, 1 me te 7 mm mo te toroa (a), hangarite (b) me te haurite (c) te toronga o te ngira kotahi , ia.Na, ko te tikanga ko te awhe o te lancet he \(\tata) 5 mm (na te mea ko nga papa e rua o te lancet he ira kotahi29,30), he 7 mm te bevel hangarite, he 1 te bevel hangarite. mm.Nga titahatanga Axisymmetric (ka noho tonu te pokapū o te kaha, no reira ko te matotoru o te pakitara paipa ka huri i te taha o te pikinga).
Ko nga rangahau a FEM me te whakamahi i nga wharite i te auau o te 29.75 kHz.(1) Ina tātaihia te rerekētanga o te haurua-ngaru piko (\(\lambda_y/2\)) mo te lancet (a), te hangarite (b) me te haurite (c) āhuahanga piko (pēnei i te Fig. 1a,b,c) ).Ko te uara toharite \(\lambda_y/2\) o te lancet, te hangarite, me te axissymmetric bevels he 5.65, 5.17, me te 7.52 mm.Kia mahara ko te matotoru o te matamata mo nga bevel hangarite me te tuakarite he iti ki te \(\approx) 50 µm.
Ko te nekeneke teitei \(|\tilde{Y}_{v_yF_y}|\) ko te huinga tino pai o te roa ngongo (TL) me te roa bevel (BL) (Fig. 8, 9).Mo te lancet tikanga, i te mea kua whakaritea tona rahi, ko te TL tino pai ko \(\tata) 29.1 mm (Fig. 8).Mo nga bevels asymmetric me te axisymmetric (Fig. 9a, b, ia), ko nga rangahau FEM ko te BL mai i te 1 ki te 7 mm, na ko te TL tino pai mai i te 26.9 ki te 28.7 mm (te awhe 1.8 mm) me te 27.9 ki te 29 .2 mm (te awhe. 1.3 mm), ia.Mo te pikinga hangarite (Fig. 9a), ka piki ake te TL tino pai, ka eke ki te paparahi i te BL 4 mm, katahi ka tino heke mai i te BL 5 ki te 7 mm.Mo te bevel axisymmetric (Fig. 9b), ka piki ake te TL tino pai me te piki haere o te BL ka mutu ka pumau ki te BL mai i te 6 ki te 7 mm.Na te rangahau roa mo te honga axisymmetric (Fig. 9c) i kitea he huinga rereke o nga TL tino pai i \(\approx) 35.1–37.1 mm.Mo nga BL katoa, ko te tawhiti i waenga i nga TL pai e rua he \(\approx\) 8mm (he rite ki te \(\lambda_y/2\)).
Lancet tuku nekeneke i 29.75 kHz.I hihiko te ngira i te auau o 29.75 kHz me te wiri i whanganga ki te pito o te ngira ka whakaatuhia ko te nui o te nekeneke miihini whakawhiti (dB e pa ana ki te uara teitei) mo te TL 26.5-29.5 mm (i roto i nga waahanga 0.1 mm). .
Ko nga rangahau parametric o te FEM i te auau o te 29.75 kHz e whakaatu ana he iti ake te paheketanga o te nekehanga whakawhiti o te pito tuakarite na te huringa o te roa o te ngongo i te ahua riterite.Te roa o te Bevel (BL) me te roa o te paipa (TL) nga rangahau mo te hangarite (a) me te haurite (b, c) ahuahanga bevel i roto i te ako rohe auau ma te whakamahi i te FEM (kei te whakaatuhia nga tikanga rohe i te Whakaahua 2).(a, b) Ko te TL mai i te 26.5 ki te 29.5 mm (0.1 mm te hikoi) me te BL 1–7 mm (0.5 mm te hikoi).(c) Ko te roanga o nga rangahau honga axisymmetric tae atu ki te TL 25–40 mm (i roto i te 0.05 mm te pikinga) me te BL 0.1–7 mm (i te 0.1 mm te taapiri) e whakaatu ana ko \(\lambda_y/2\ ) me tutuki nga whakaritenga o te pito.tikanga rohe nuku.
Ko te whirihoranga ngira e toru nga auau eigen \(f_{1-3}\) kua wehea ki nga rohe aratau iti, reo me te teitei e whakaatuhia ana i te Ripanga 1. I tuhia te rahi o te PTE penei i te pikitia.10 ka tātarihia i te Fig. 11. Kei raro nei nga kitenga mo ia waahanga tikanga:
Ko te kaha o te whakawhiti hiko inamata (PTE) te kaha o te rekoata ka puta mai i te swept-frequency sinusoidal excitation mo te lancet (L) me te AX1-3 bevel axisymmetric i te hau, te wai me te gelatin i te hohonu o te 20 mm.Ka whakaatuhia te ahua o tetahi taha.Ko te whakautu auau ine (i whakatauirahia ki te 300 kHz) i tātarihia te paanui iti, katahi ka whakahekehia e te tauwehe 200 mo te tātari tikanga.Ko te ōwehenga tohu-ki-haruru ko \(\le\) 45 dB.Ko nga wahanga PTE (raina iraira papura) ka whakaatuhia ki nga tohu (\(^{\circ}\)).
Ko te tātaritanga whakautu aratau (te tikanga ± inenga paerewa, n = 5) e whakaatuhia ana i te Whakaahua 10, mo nga tahataha L me te AX1-3, i roto i te hau, te wai me te 10% gelatin (hohonu 20 mm), me te (runga) e toru nga rohe modal ( iti, waenganui me te teitei) me o ratou aurere aratau e rite ana\(f_{1-3 }\) (kHz), (toharite) kaha kaha \(\text {PTE}_{1{-}3}\) Ka tatauhia ma te whakamahi orite .(4) me (raro) te whanui katoa i te haurua inenga morahi \(\text {FWHM}_{1{-}3}\) (Hz), ia.Kia mahara i pekehia te inenga bandwidth i te wa i rehitatia he PTE iti, ara, \(\text {FWHM}_{1}\) i te mea he paheketanga AX2.I kitea ko te aratau \(f_2\) te mea tino pai mo te whakatairite i nga paheketanga o te pari, na te mea i whakaatu i te taumata teitei o te kaha whakawhiti hiko (\(\text {PTE}_{2}\)), tae atu ki te 99%.
Rohe aratau tuatahi: \(f_1\) karekau e whakawhirinaki nui ki te momo reo kua whakauruhia, engari ka whakawhirinaki ki te ahuahanga o te pari.\(f_1\) ka heke me te heke iho o te roa o te bevel (27.1, 26.2 me 25.9 kHz i te hau mo te AX1-3, ia).Ko nga tauwaenga a-rohe \(\text {PTE}_{1}\) me \(\text {FWHM}_{1}\) he \(\approx\) 81% me te 230 Hz.Kei a \(\text {FWHM}_{1}\) te tino ihirangi gelatin i roto i te Lancet (L, 473 Hz).Kia mahara ko \(\text {FWHM}_{1}\) AX2 i roto i te gelatin kare i taea te arotake na te iti o te kaha kaha FRF kua tuhia.
Ko te rohe aratau tuarua: \(f_2\) e whakawhirinaki ana ki te momo pāpāho kua whakauruhia me te bevel.Ko nga uara toharite \(f_2\) he 29.1, 27.9 me te 28.5 kHz i roto i te hau, te wai me te gelatin.I whakaatu hoki tenei rohe aratau i te PTE teitei o te 99%, te teitei rawa atu o nga roopu katoa i whanganga, me te toharite rohe o te 84%.\(\text {FWHM}_{2}\) kei te tauwaenga o te rohe \(\tata\) 910 Hz.
Rohe aratau tuatoru: te auau \(f_3\) kei runga i te momo pāpāho me te bevel.Ko nga uara toharite \(f_3\) he 32.0, 31.0 me te 31.3 kHz i te hau, te wai me te gelatin.Ko te \(\text {PTE}_{3}\) toharite rohe ko \(\ahua\) ​​74%, te iti rawa o tetahi rohe.Ko te toharite ā-rohe \(\text {FWHM}_{3}\) ko \(\tata\) 1085 Hz, he teitei ake i te rohe tuatahi me te rohe tuarua.
       Ko nga korero e whai ake nei mo te Fig.12 me te Ripanga 2. Ko te lancet (L) i paopao te nuinga (he mea nui ki nga tohutohu katoa, \(p<\) 0.017) i roto i te hau me te wai (Fig. 12a), ka eke ki te DPR teitei rawa (tae atu ki te 220 µm/ W i te hau). 12 me te Ripanga 2. Ko te lancet (L) i paopao te nuinga (he mea nui ki nga tohutohu katoa, \(p<\) 0.017) i roto i te hau me te wai (Fig. 12a), ka eke ki te DPR teitei rawa (tae atu ki te 220 µm/ W i te hau). Следующее относится к рисунку 12 и таблице 2. Ланцет (L) отклонялся больше всего (с высокой значимдоть p<\) 0,017) как в воздухе, так и в воде (рис. 12а), достигая самого высокого DPR . Ko nga mea e whai ake nei e pa ana ki te Whakaahua 12 me te Ripanga 2. Ko te Lancet (L) te nuinga o te paopao (he mea nui mo nga tohutohu katoa, \(p<\) 0.017) i roto i te hau me te wai (Fig. 12a), ka eke ki te DPR teitei.(tae atu ki te 220 μm/W i te hau).Smt.Whakaahua 12 me te Ripanga 2 kei raro iho nei.A （在空气中高达220 µm/W）。Kei a 柳叶刀(L) te paheketanga teitei o te hau me te wai (对所记尖端可以高电影性,\(p<\) 0.017) (图12a), ka eke ki te DPR teitei rawa (tae atu ki te 220 µm/m/m). hau). Ланцет (L) отклонялся больше всего (высокая значимость для всех наконечников, \(p<\) 0,017) в воздух иде , сводех и ольшего DPR (ki te 220 мкм/Вт в воздухе). Ko te Lancet (L) i paopao te nuinga (te hiranga nui mo nga tohutohu katoa, \(p<\) 0.017) i te hau me te wai (Fig. 12a), ka eke ki te DPR teitei rawa (tae atu ki te 220 µm/W i te rangi). I roto i te rangi, ko AX1 he teitei ake te BL, i neke ake i te AX2–3 (me te hiranga, \(p<\) 0.017), i te AX3 (he iti rawa te BL) i neke atu i te AX2 me te DPR o 190 µm/W. I roto i te rangi, ko AX1 he teitei ake te BL, i neke ake i te AX2–3 (me te hiranga, \(p<\) 0.017), i te AX3 (he iti rawa te BL) i neke atu i te AX2 me te DPR o 190 µm/W. В воздухе AX1 с более высоким BL отклонялся выше, чем AX2–3 (со значимостью \(p<\) 0,017), тогды злонки AX3 больше, чем AX2 me DPR 190 мкм/Вт. I roto i te rangi, ko te AX1 me te BL teitei ake i huri ki runga ake i te AX2–3 (me te hiranga \(p<\) 0.017), ko te AX3 (me te BL iti rawa) i neke atu i te AX2 me te DPR 190 μm/W.在空气中，具有更高BL 的AX1 比AX2-3 偏转更高（具有显着性，\(p<\) 0.017），而一们天而住于AX2，DPR 为190 µm/W . I roto i te rangi, ko te paheketanga o te AX1 me te BL teitei ake he teitei ake i te AX2-3 (he tino nui, \(p<\) 0.017), me te whakahekenga o te AX3 (me te iti rawa o te BL) he nui ake i te AX2, DPR ko 190 µm/W . В воздухе AX1 с более высоким BL отклоняется больше, чем AX2-3 (значимо, \(p<\) 0,017), тогда как AX3 (млеско бол ольше, чем AX2 me DPR 190 мкм/Вт. I te rangi, ko te AX1 me te BL teitei ake ka huri atu i te AX2-3 (he mea nui, \(p<\) 0.017), ko te AX3 (me te BL iti rawa) ka huri atu i te AX2 me te DPR 190 µm/W.I te 20 mm wai, karekau i tino rerekee te paheketanga me te PTE AX1–3 (\(p>\) 0.017).Ko nga taumata o te PTE i roto i te wai (90.2-98.4%) he nui ake i te rangi (56-77.5%) (Fig. 12c), a i kitea te ahuatanga o te cavitation i te wa o te whakamatautau i roto i te wai (Fig. 13, tirohia ano etahi atu nga korero).
Ko te nui o te paheketanga o te matamata (te tikanga ± SD, n = 5) i inehia mo te bevel L me te AX1-3 i te hau me te wai (hohonu 20 mm) e whakaatu ana i te paanga o te hurihanga ahuahanga bevel.I whiwhihia nga inenga ma te whakamahi i te hihiko sinusoidal auau kotahi.(a) Te inenga o te tihi ki te tihi (\(u_y\vec {j}\)) i te pito, i ine ki te (b) ona iarere aratau \(f_2\).(c) Te kaha whakawhiti hiko (PTE, RMS, %) o te whārite.(4) me te (d) Tauwehe mana paopao (DPR, µm/W) kua tatauhia hei ine i te tihi-ki-te-nui me te mana hiko tuku \(P_T\) (Wrms).
He maataki whakamarumaru o te kamera tere-tere e whakaatu ana i te paheketanga o te tihi-ki-te-te-rangi (raina iraira matomato me te whero) o te toka (L) me te pito haurite (AX1–3) i roto i te wai (20 mm te hohonu) i roto i te haurua huringa.huringa, i te auau whakaoho \(f_2\) (tauira auau 310 kHz).He 128×128 pika te rahi o te atahanga tauine hina me te rahi pika o \(\approx\) 5 µm.Ka kitea te ataata i roto i nga korero taapiri.
Na, i whakatauira matou i te huringa o te roangaru piko (Fig. 7) me te tatau i te nekeneke miihini whakawhiti mo nga huinga o te roa o te paipa me te chamfer (Fig. 8, 9) mo te toka tikanga, te hangarite me te axissymmetric chamfers o nga ahua ahuahanga.I runga i nga mea o muri, i whakatauhia e matou te tawhiti tino pai o te 43 mm (ranei \(\ tata) 2.75\(\lambda _y\) i te 29.75 kHz) mai i te pito ki te weld, pera i te Whakaatu. bevels he rereke te roa o te bevel.Na ka tohuhia e matou o ratou whanonga auau i roto i te hau, te wai, me te 10% (w/v) gelatin ballistic ka whakatauritea ki nga lancets tikanga (Whakaahua 10, 11) me te whakatau i te aratau e tino pai ana mo te whakatairite whakahuri i te bevel.Ka mutu, i ine matou i te paheketanga o te pito ma te piko o te ngaru i te hau me te wai i te hohonutanga o te 20 mm me te ine i te kaha o te whakawhiti hiko (PTE, %) me te tauwehe hiko whakahuri (DPR, µm/W) o te reo whakauru mo ia bevel.momo koki (Fig. 12).
Kua kitea te ahuahanga o te piko o te ngira e pa ana ki te nui o te paheketanga o te pito o te ngira.I tutuki i te lancet te whakahekenga teitei me te DPR teitei i whakaritea ki te bevel axisymmetric me te whakahekenga toharite iti (Fig. 12).Ko te bevel axissymmetric 4 mm (AX1) me te bevel roa rawa atu i tutuki i te nui o te tatauranga o te paheketanga o te hau i whakaritea ki era atu ngira tuakarite (AX2–3) (\(p <0.017\), Ripanga 2), engari kaore he rereketanga nui. .ka kitea i te tuunga o te ngira ki te wai.No reira, karekau he painga nui ki te roa ake te roa o te bevel i runga i te paheketanga o te tihi o te pito.I runga i tenei whakaaro, ka puta ko te ahuahanga o te bevel i akohia i tenei rangahau he nui ake te awe ki te nui o te paheketanga i te roa o te bevel.Ko te mea pea na te pakari o te piko, hei tauira, i runga i te matotoru o te papanga e piko ana me te hoahoa o te ngira.
I roto i nga rangahau whakamatautau, ko te nui o te ngaru takahuri whakaata e pa ana ki nga tikanga rohe o te pito.Ka kuhuhia te pito ngira ki roto i te wai me te gelatin, ko \(\text {PTE}_{2}\) \(\tata\) 95%, ko \(\text {PTE}_{ 2}\) ko \ (\text {PTE}_{ 2}\) ko nga uara ko te 73% me te 77% mo (\text {PTE}_{1}\) me te \(\text {PTE}_{3}\), takitahi (Fig. 11).E tohu ana tenei ko te nui rawa o te whakawhiti o te hiko oro ki te reo whakarewa, ara, te wai, te gelatin ranei, ka puta i \(f_2\).He rite te whanonga i kitea i roto i te rangahau o mua31 ma te whakamahi i te whirihoranga taputapu ngawari ake i roto i te awhe auau 41-43 kHz, i whakaatuhia e nga kaituhi te ti'aturi o te whakarea whakaata ngaohiko ki te waahanga miihini o te reo whakauru.Ko te hohonutanga o te kuhu32 me nga ahuatanga miihini o te kiko e whakarato ana i te utaina miihini ki runga i te ngira, na reira e tika ana kia awe i te whanonga oro o te UZEFNAB.No reira, ka taea te whakamahi i nga huringa oro (hei tauira 17, 18, 33) ki te arotau i te mana oro e tukuna ana ma te ngira.
Ko te whaihanga i nga roangaru piko (Whakaahua. 7) e whakaatu ana he maaro ake te pito tuaka hangarite (arā, he pakari ake i te piko) i te peera me te bevel hangarite.I runga i te (1) me te whakamahi i te hononga tere-auau e mohiotia ana, ka whakatauhia e matou te maro o te piko i te pito o te ngira hei \(\mo\) 200, 20 me 1500 MPa mo nga rererangi toro, hangarite me te axial.E hāngai ana tēnei ki te \(\lambda_y\) o \(\ āhua\) ​​5.3, 1.7, me te 14.2 mm, i te 29.75 kHz (Fig. 7a–c).Ma te whakaaro ki te haumaru haumanu i te wa o te USeFNAB, me aromatawaihia te paanga o te ahuahanga ki te pakari o te hanganga o te waka rererangi kokiri34.
Ko te rangahau o nga tawhā bevel e pa ana ki te roa o te ngongo (Fig. 9) i whakaatu he teitei ake te awhe tuku pai mo te bevel hangarite (1.8 mm) i te bevel axisymmetric (1.3 mm).I tua atu, ka noho pumau te neke i te \(\tata) mai i te 4 ki te 4.5 mm me te 6 ki te 7 mm mo nga tiango hangarite me te axissymmetric (Fig. 9a, b).Ko te hiranga whaihua o tenei kitenga e whakaatuhia ana i roto i nga whakangao whakangao, hei tauira, he iti ake te awhe o te TL tino pai te tikanga ka nui ake te tika o te roa.I te wa ano, ka nui ake te manawanui o te marau nekeneke mo te whiriwhiri i te roa o te ruku i te waa kua whakaritea kaore he paanga nui ki te neke.
Kei roto i te rangahau nga here e whai ake nei.Ko te ine tika i te paheketanga o te ngira ma te whakamahi i te rapunga taha me te atahanga tere-tere (Whakaahua 12) ko te tikanga he iti noa tatou ki nga papaa whakaata mataataata penei i te hau me te wai.E hiahia ana hoki matou ki te tohu kaore matou i whakamahi i nga whakamatautau ki te whakamatautau i te nekehanga whakawhiti whakatairite me te rereke, engari i whakamahia nga rangahau FEM hei whakatau i te roa tino pai mo te hanga ngira.Mo nga tikanga here, ko te roa o te toka mai i te pito ki te ringaringa he \(\tata) 0.4 cm te roa atu i etahi atu ngira (AX1-3), tirohia te piki.3b.Ka pa tenei ki te urupare aratau o te hoahoa ngira.I tua atu, ko te ahua me te rōrahi o te konutai i te pito o te titi ngaru (tirohia te Whakaahua 3) ka pa ki te impedance miihini o te hoahoa titi, te whakauru i nga hapa i roto i te aukati miihini me te whanonga piko.
Ka mutu, kua whakaatuhia e matou ko te ahuahanga bevel whakamatautau ka pa ki te nui o te paheketanga i roto i te USeFNAB.Mena ka nui ake te paheketanga o te ngira ki runga i te kiko, penei i te tapahi pai i muri i te werohanga, katahi ka taea te tono ki te USeFNAB na te mea e whakarato ana i te paheketanga teitei i te wa e mau tonu ana te pakari o te pito o te hanganga..I tua atu, kua whakaatuhia e te rangahau35 ka nui ake te paheketanga o te pito ka whakarei ake i nga paanga koiora penei i te cavitation, tera pea ka pai ake te whakawhanaketanga o nga tono pokanoa iti.I te mea ko te whakanui ake i te katoa o te mana oro kua whakaatuhia hei whakanui ake i te maha o nga koiora i roto i te USeFNAB13, me whai rangahau ine ine mo te rahinga tauira me te kounga hei aromatawai i nga painga haumanu amiki o te ahuahanga ngira kua akohia.